Overview
Children can, and do, get urinary tract infections. As in adults, a urinary tract infection is a bacterial infection of the urethra, ureters, bladder, or kidneys. The condition is much more common in girls than in boys.
In children, there is a significantly increased risk of kidney damage related to urinary tract infections. Vesicoureteral reflux is an abnormality that can lead to serious kidney infections. With this condition, urine can travel backward to the kidneys from the bladder. Bacteria can travel with the urine, presenting a serious infection risk.
Urinary tract infections in children can be caused by blockages in abnormally narrow portions of the urinary tract. It is best to diagnose and recognize these abnormalities early in children as they can lead to recurring infections.
Symptoms
Urinary tract symptoms are largely the same in children as in adults, except for serious kidney infections where fever is possible. Common symptoms include:
- Burning feeling during urination
- Frequent urination
- Constant urge to urinate
- Cloudy urine
- Blood in the urine
- Pain around the bladder
Diagnosis
When a child displays urinary tract infection symptoms, a physician will order a urine test. This test will determine if bacteria or blood cells are present in the urine, indicating an infection. Urinary tract infections are a common cause of many urinary issues, so this test will likely be the first.
To treat urinary tract infections, the physician must determine the specific type of bacteria present. They do this using a urine culture, where the bacteria from a urine sample are grown to be more easily identified.
Because urinary tract infections in children are sometimes early indicators of abnormalities in the urinary tract, medical imaging tests might be performed. That is more likely in cases of recurring urinary tract infections.
Treatment
In most cases, the physician will describe a general antibiotic for the urinary tract infection once diagnosed. It will take several days to determine the type of bacteria from the culture. When the type is known, the physician may change the antibiotic prescription to a more effective medication for that specific bacteria.
Antibiotics are typically delivered orally and taken several times per day. The course can last a week or longer, and the child must complete the course to ensure treatment of the infection. In severe cases, antibiotics can be administered intravenously at the hospital.
A physician may recommend some follow-up testing, such as ultrasound imaging of the kidneys or bladder. That is particularly true in more serious cases of kidney infection.